{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch31505\stshfloch31506\stshfhich31506\stshfbi0\deflang2057\deflangfe2057\themelang2057\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f1\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial;}
{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol;}{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}{\f38\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Tahoma;}
{\f48\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}CG Times{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f55\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040602050305030304}Book Antiqua;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f341\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\f342\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f344\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f345\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f346\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\f347\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f348\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f349\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f351\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;}
{\f352\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}{\f354\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}{\f355\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f356\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}
{\f357\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);}{\f358\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}{\f359\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}{\f681\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}
{\f682\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f684\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f685\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f688\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}
{\f689\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\f721\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tahoma CE;}{\f722\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Tahoma Cyr;}{\f724\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Tahoma Greek;}
{\f725\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Tahoma Tur;}{\f726\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Tahoma (Hebrew);}{\f727\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Tahoma (Arabic);}{\f728\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Tahoma Baltic;}
{\f729\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Tahoma (Vietnamese);}{\f730\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Tahoma (Thai);}{\f891\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Book Antiqua CE;}{\f892\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Book Antiqua Cyr;}
{\f894\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Book Antiqua Greek;}{\f895\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Book Antiqua Tur;}{\f898\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Book Antiqua Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;
\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\*\defchp 
\fs22\loch\af31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505 }{\*\defpap \ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext0 \sautoupd \sqformat \spriority0 Normal;}{
\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd \slink15 \sqformat heading 1;}{\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar
\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink16 \sqformat heading 2;}{\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink17 \sqformat heading 3;}{\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\ls7\ilvl3\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink18 \sqformat heading 4;}{\s5\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\ls7\ilvl4\outlinelevel4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink19 \sqformat heading 5;}{\s6\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\ls7\ilvl5\outlinelevel5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink20 \sqformat heading 6;}{\s7\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\ls7\ilvl6\outlinelevel6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink21 \sqformat heading 7;}{\s8\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\ls7\ilvl7\outlinelevel7\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink22 \sqformat heading 8;}{\s9\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec }\hyphpar0\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel8\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink23 \sqformat heading 9;}{\*\cs10 \additive Default Paragraph Font;}{\*
\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv \ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\loch\f31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 
\snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat Normal Table;}{\*\cs15 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning32\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon10 \slink1 \slocked \spriority9 Heading 1 Char;}{\*\cs16 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31503\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon10 \slink2 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 Heading 2 Char;}{\*\cs17 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs26\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon10 \slink3 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 Heading 3 Char;}{\*\cs18 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon10 \slink4 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 Heading 4 Char;}{\*
\cs19 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs26\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon10 \slink5 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 Heading 5 Char;}{\*\cs20 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon10 \slink6 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 Heading 6 Char;}{\*\cs21 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon10 \slink7 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 Heading 7 Char;}{\*\cs22 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon10 \slink8 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 Heading 8 Char;}{\*
\cs23 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon10 \slink9 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 Heading 9 Char;}{\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext24 \slink25 footnote text;}{\*\cs25 \additive 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon10 \slink24 \slocked \ssemihidden Footnote Text Char;}{\*\cs26 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super \sbasedon10 footnote reference;}{
\s27\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext27 \slink28 Body Text;}{\*\cs28 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon10 \slink27 \slocked \ssemihidden Body Text Char;}{\s29\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext29 \slink30 Body Text 2;}{\*\cs30 \additive 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon10 \slink29 \slocked \ssemihidden Body Text 2 Char;}{\s31\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext31 \slink32 endnote text;}{\*\cs32 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon10 \slink31 \slocked \ssemihidden Endnote Text Char;}{\*\cs33 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super \sbasedon10 endnote reference;}{\*\cs34 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\sbasedon10 Doc Init;}{\*\cs35 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Document 8;}{\*\cs36 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs18 \sbasedon10 Document 4;}{\*\cs37 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 
Document 6;}{\*\cs38 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Document 5;}{\*\cs39 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Document 7;}{\*\cs40 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Bibliogrphy;}{\*\cs41 \additive 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Right Par 2;}{\*\cs42 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \f48\fs18\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 Document 3;}{\*\cs43 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Right Par 3;}
{\*\cs44 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Right Par 4;}{\*\cs45 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Right Par 5;}{\*\cs46 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Right Par 6;}{\*\cs47 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Right Par 7;}{\*\cs48 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Right Par 8;}{\*\cs49 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \f48\fs18\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 Tech Init;}{\*\cs50 \additive 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \f48\fs18\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 Document 2;}{\*\cs51 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Technical 5;}{\*\cs52 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Technical 6;}
{\*\cs53 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Parnum 1;}{\*\cs54 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \f48\fs18\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 Technical 3;}{\*\cs55 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\sbasedon10 Technical 4;}{\*\cs56 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Parnum 2;}{\*\cs57 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Technical 7;}{\*\cs58 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Technical 8;}{\*\cs59 
\additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul \sbasedon10 WP Heading 2;}{\*\cs60 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Bullet List;}{\*\cs61 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27 \sbasedon10 WP Heading 1;}{\*\cs62 
\additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af55\afs36 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f55\fs36\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 TC18;}{\*\cs63 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af55\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f55\fs28\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 TC14;}{
\s64\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx7086\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af48\afs27\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext64 GATT DOCS;}{
\s65\ql \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\nowidctlpar\tx-720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext65 
Document 1;}{\*\cs66 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Right Par 1;}{\*\cs67 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \f48\fs18\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 Technical 1;}{\*\cs68 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 
\af48\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \f48\fs18\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 Technical 2;}{\*\cs69 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Parnum 4;}{\*\cs70 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 Parnum 3;}{
\s71\qj \fi-720\li720\ri720\sb480\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx0\tqr\tldot\tx9746\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af55\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\expndtw-2\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f55\hich\af55\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd toc 1;}{\s72\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri720\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar
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\sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd toc 2;}{\s73\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri720\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx0\tqr\tldot\tx9746\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af55\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\expndtw-2\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f55\hich\af55\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd toc 3;}{\s74\qj \fi-720\li2880\ri720\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar
\tx0\tqr\tldot\tx9746\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin2880\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af55\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expndtw-2\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f55\hich\af55\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd toc 4;}{\s75\qj \fi-720\li3600\ri720\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx0\tqr\tx9746\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3600\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af55\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\expndtw-2\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f55\hich\af55\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd toc 5;}{\s76\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar
\tx0\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd toc 6;}{
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\sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd toc 7;}{\s78\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx0\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd toc 8;}{\s79\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar
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\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd index 1;}{\s81\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri720\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar
\tx0\tqr\tldot\tx9360\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd index 2;}
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\sbasedon0 \snext0 toa heading;}{\s83\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \cbpat9 \rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f38\hich\af38\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext85 \slink86 Document Map;}{\*\cs86 
\additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \f38\fs16\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon10 \slink85 \slocked \ssemihidden Document Map Char;}{\*\cs87 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16 \sbasedon10 
annotation reference;}{\s88\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
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\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext90 \slink91 Body Text 3;}{\*
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\sbasedon0 \snext93 \slink94 footer;}{\*\cs94 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon10 \slink93 \slocked \ssemihidden Footer Char;}{\*\cs95 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\b\fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning28\loch\f1\hich\af1\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext98 \slink99 \sqformat Title;}{\*\cs99 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning28\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon10 \slink98 \slocked \spriority10 Title Char;}{\s100\qc \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
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\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 \sbasedon3 \snext101 subhead1;}{\s102\ql \li720\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
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\ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext103 Title of Article;}}{\*\listtable{\list\listtemplateid-1{\listlevel\levelnfc255\levelnfcn255\leveljc0\leveljcn0
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{\leveltext\'0a\'00-\'01.\'02.\'03.\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01\'03\'05\'07\'09;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-1080\li1080\jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
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;}\listid142737651}{\list\listtemplateid67698709\listsimple{\listlevel\levelnfc3\levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 
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{\operator pavel}{\creatim\yr2012\mo9\dy16\hr13\min53}{\revtim\yr2012\mo9\dy16\hr13\min53}{\version2}{\edmins1}{\nofpages17}{\nofwords4878}{\nofchars27197}{\*\company Harvard Law School}{\nofcharsws32011}{\vern32771}}{\*\xmlnstbl {\xmlns1 http://schemas.m
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\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s103\qc \li0\ri-540\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin-540\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs32\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Decisions of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s103\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs32\insrsid2098650 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Gasoline:United States \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline
\par 
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Sungjoon Cho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\b\super\insrsid2098650 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 42 \\f "Symbol" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f3\fs24}}{\footnote \ltrpar 
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 42 \\f "Symbol" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f3\fs24}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Visiting Scholar, Harvard Law School; L
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 L.M.- International Economic Law, University of Michigan (1997)}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2098650 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2098650 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 WTO Appellate Body Report: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Gasoline:United States \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0 
 Standards for Reformulated and Conventional }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Gasoline}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 AB-1996-1, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
WT/DS2/AB/R, Adopted by Dispute Settelemt Body, 20 May 1996, United Stat\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 es, Appellant:  Brazil, Venezuela, Appellees:  European Communities, Norway, Third Participants. Division: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Feliciano, Beeby and Matsushita.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2098650 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2098650 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
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\par 
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab0\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Introduction
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\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 On May 20, 1996 the first Appellate Body Report (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 United States \hich\f0 \endash \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
, Panel and Appellate Body Report adopted on May 20,1996, WT/DS2/9 [hereinafter Panel Report and Appellate Body Report, respectivel\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 was adopted under the new World Trade Organization (WTO)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Apr. 15, 1994, Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 EGAL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NSTRUMENTS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 190 \\f "Symbol" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f3\fs24}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ESULTS OF THE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RUGUAY }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 OUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 vol. 1; 33 I.L.M. 1140, 1144 (1994) [hereinafter WTO Agreement]. For a historical background of the creation of the WTO, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 generally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ORLD }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RADE: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 OWARD }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 AIR AND }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 REE 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RADE IN THE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 WENTY-FIRST }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 EN\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 TURY}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (Marie Griesgraber & Bernhard G. Gunter eds., 1997); A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 SIF }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 URESHI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , T}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 HE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ORLD }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RADE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 O}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RGANIZATION (1996) ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RUCE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 OON, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ILEMMAS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 OF}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NTERNATIONAL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RADE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (1996); P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 HILIP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 AWORTH &}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 INDA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 EIF., }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 HE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 AW OF THE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ORLD}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RADE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RGANIZATION: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 INAL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 EXT OF THE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 GATT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RUGUAY }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 OUND }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 GREEMENTS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 (1995).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 system. This case was unique and controversial in two respects. First, the case was initiated by two developing countries (Venezuela and Brazil), who filed a complaint against a developed country (the Unite\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
d States) in contrast to the prevailing practices under the former GATT.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Oct.30, 1947, T.I.A.S. No. 1700, 55 U.N.T.S. 187 [hereinafter GATT 1947]. From 1948 to 1989, 73 percent of all GATT panel cases were filed by\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 developed countries like the U.S., the EC, Canada, and Australia. Robert E. Hudec et al., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A Statistical Profile of GATT Dispute Settlement Cases: 1948-1989}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 2 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 INN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . J. G}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 LOBAL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RADE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  1, 29 (1993).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
  Second, the case involved environment-related issues, draw\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ing attention from environmentalists as well as government officials handling environmental policies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 In fact, a good deal of articles approaches this case from an environmental viewpoint. Search of WESTLAW, by Terms and Connectors: \'93\loch\f0 Reformulated and Conv\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 entional Gasoline\'94\loch\f0  (Jan. 27,1998). }}
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . The latter tension}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 between trade and environment had heightened since the famous }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Tuna-Dolphin }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 United States \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  Restrictions on Imports of Tuna from Mexico}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , not adopted, GATT, B.I.S.D. (39}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Supp.) at 155 (1993) [
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hereinafter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Tuna \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  Dolphin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ].}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , and an increasing number of environmental treaties signed since the early nineties.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 This note focuses on the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 international trade\'94\loch\f0  perspective of this case in terms of both substantive law, concentrating on Article XX (Gener\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
al Exceptions) of the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid2098650 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 EGAL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NSTRUMENTS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 190 \\f "Symbol" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f3\fs24}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ESULTS OF THE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RUGUAY }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 OUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  vol. 2;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 33 I.L.M. 29, art. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1031\langfe1033\langnp1031\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 III (1994) [hereinafter GATT 1994].  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 WTO Agreement Annex 1A incorporates a document labeled GATT 1994 which is essentially GATT 1947, as amended changed \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
through the Uruguay Round, along with all the ancillary agreements pertaining to GATT 1947, as modified. J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 OHN }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ACKSON ET AL., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 EGAL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ROBLEMS OF }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NTERNATIONAL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 CONOMIC }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ELATIONS- }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 C
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ASES, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ATERIALS, AND }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 EXT ON THE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ATIONAL AND }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NTERNATIONAL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
EGULATION OF }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RANSNATIONAL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 CONOMIC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ELATIONS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  290-291 (3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  ed. 1995) [hereinafter J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ACKSON ET AL.]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  and procedural law found in the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes, Annex 2 of the WTO \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Agreement, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, art. 26 [hereinafter DSU].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . This note is divided into five parts. Part I-IV digest the factual background leading up to the case, the Panel report, the U.S. appeal, and the Appellate Body Report. Part V critiques the analysis of A
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ppellate Body\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s ruling and raises questions distilled from the analysis of this case. In particular, this part argues that the Appellate Body failed to delve into an important legal issue \hich\f0 
\endash \loch\f0  the applicability of Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TB\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, Annex 1A of the WTO Agreement, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 2 [hereinafter TBT].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0 
 in the name of judicial economy; that it replaced legal analysis by consensus (acquiescence) of the disputants; that it disregarded a conditiona\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
l appeal merely on a formalistic ground; that it was not faithful to the principle of treaty interpretation by downplaying the ordinary meaning; that it conducted the necessary test in interpreting the chapeau, thereby leading to the dilution of the disti
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ction between \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 necessary\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 relating to\'94\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
This note concludes that the Appellate Body review should be more judicialized and that Member countries should exert more effort in regulatory cooperation in order to address the trade-off between free trade a\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
nd domestic regulation.
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I. Factual Background
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Faced with a serious environmental problem caused by the toxic pollutants emitted by factories and vehicles, the U.S. Congress amended the Clean Air Act in 1990.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, 42 U\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 .S.C. \'a7\loch\f0 
 7545 (k) (1994). }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
  Most of all, the Clean Air Act of 1990 (CAA) purported to ensure that the level of air pollution caused by gasoline combustion did not exceed 1990 levels and that pollutants be reduced in major population areas.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Appellate Body
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Report, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 note 1, at 4. The CAA established two gasoline programs for this purpose. The first program defines the so-called \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 (ozone) non-attainment areas\'94\loch\f0  consisting of (i) nine large cosmopolitan areas suffering
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 from the worst summertime ozone pollution and (ii) additional areas included at the request of the state governors concerned.  In these non-attainment areas, all gasoline must be reformulated before consumption, while the sale of conventional gasoline is
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
prohibited. The second program allows the sale of conventional gasoline in rest areas. The CAA deferred implementation of the aforementioned programs to the EPA. As a result, the EPA enacted the Gasoline Rule, relying heavily on the use of 1990 baselines 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s a means of determining compliance with the CAA\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s requirements. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., at 4-6.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0    To implement the CAA, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enacted the \'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives- Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'94
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 40 CFR 80, 59 Fed. Reg. 7716 (16 February 1994).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (the so-called \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Gasoline Rule\'94\loch\f0 
). This regulation was designed to control toxic and other pollution caused by the combustion of gasoline manufactured in or imported into the United States.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Appellate Bod\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y Report, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, at 4-6. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The most distinctive characteristic of this Gasoline Rule was that this Rule employed either individual (established by the entity itself) or statutory (established by the EPA and intended to reflect average 1990 U.S. gas\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
oline quality) baselines, depending on the nature of the entity concerned.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0   Domestic refiners, blenders, and importers were allowed to establish an individual baseline representing the quality of their 1990 gasoline before they were forced to use th\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e statutory baseline set by the EPA, while foreign refiners were not.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  As a matter of fact, the possible use of individual baselines for foreign refiners was explored by the EPA while drafting the Gasoline Rule, ensuing the preparation of }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 May 1994 proposa\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
. However, this proposal was abandoned when the U.S. Congress passed legislation in September 1994 denying the funding necessary for its implementation. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0   This apparent disparity in establishing the baselines induced many complaints by foreign countr
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ies like Venezuela and Brazil who exported gasoline to the U.S. because the statutory baseline was allegedly much stricter than individual baselines.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  See Panel Report, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, paras. 3-12, 3-13.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A.  The Panel Report: Its Main Findings and Conclu\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
sions Relating to Art. III and XX}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 1.   Article III:4 (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 like products\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 and \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 less favorably\'94\loch\f0  )
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Panel found that chemically}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 identical imported and domestic gasoline by}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 definition have exactly the same physical characteristics as well as end-users, and
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  are perfectly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
substitutable. Therefore, the Panel concluded that chemically-identical imported and domestic gasoline were like products under Article III:4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  In determining whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 imported }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 domestic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  gasoline were }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 like products}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , the Panel adopted the \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 same test employed by the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1987 Japanese Alcoholic Beverage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0  case: a \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 case-by-case\'94
\loch\f0  test based on various factors including physical characteristics, end-uses, and tariff classification. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Japan \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
, the Appellate Body Report ado\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 pted on 4 October 1996, WT/DS8/AB/R; WT/DS10/AB/R; WT/DS11/AB/R [hereinafter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Alcoholic Beverages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ]; Panel Report, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, para. 6.9.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
  The Panel further concluded that since, under the baseline establishment rules of the Gasoline Rule, imported gasoli\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
ne was effectively prevented from enjoying the same favorable sales conditions as were afforded domestic gasoline. Because of a producer-specific individual baseline, imported gasoline was treated \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 less favorably\'94\loch\f0 
 than domestic gasoline.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Panel Report, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 su\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 pra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 note 1, para. 6.10.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
  Having reached this conclusion, the Panel rejected the U.S. argument that imported gasoline was treated similarly to gasoline from similarly situated domestic parties. The Panel emphasized that Art.III: 4 deals not with the produc
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 er, but the product. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
. The Panel also rejected the U.S. argument that the treatment accorded to gasoline imported under a statutory baseline was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 on the whole}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  no less favorable than that accorded to domestic gasoline under individual refiner baselines,\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  noting that such }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 balancing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  cannot be accepted. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., para. 6.14.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 2.   Article XX(b): \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health\'94\loch\f0  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 The Panel found that the U.S. failed to meet the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 necessary\'94\loch\f0  test}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e.g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Thailand \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  Restrict\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ion on Importation of and Internal Taxes on Cigarettes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , adopted on 7 November 1990, GATT, B.I.S.D. (37}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Supp.) at 224 (1991) [hereinafter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Thai Cigarette}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  ]; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 United States \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , adopted on November 7, 1989, GATT, B.I.S.D. \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (36}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Supp.) at 345 (1990) [hereinafter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Section 337}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0  embedded in Art. XX (b) which requires proof that the measure in dispute (baseline establishment rule) is the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
least-trade-restrictive\'94\loch\f0  alternative. In this regard, the Panel noted that other alternati\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ves, including a single statutory baseline applying to all entities, could have been adopted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Panel Report, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, para. 6.24-6.25.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 3.   Article XX(g): \'93\loch\f0 relating to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai0\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i0\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the conservation of an exhaustible natural resources; and made effective in co\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
njunction with restrictions on domestic production or consumption
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 The Panel interpreted the meaning of both \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 relating to\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 in conjunction with\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  as \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 primarily aimed at\'94
\loch\f0 , following the preceding interpretation from the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1987 Herring and Salmon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Panel.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . Para. 6.38-6.39. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Canada \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  Measures Affecting Exports of Unprocessed Herring and Salmon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , adopted on 22 March 1988, GATT , B.I.S.D. (35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Supp.) at 98 (1989) [hereinafter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Herring and Salmon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ]. }}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0    The Panel then noted that there was no direct conn\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ection between less favorable treatment of imported gasoline that was chemically identical to domestic gasoline and the U.S. objective of improving air quality in the United States.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Panel Report, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, para. 6.40.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  The Panel therefore concluded that the baseline establishment methods that afforded less favorable treatment to imported gasoline were not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 primarily aimed at the conservation of natural resources.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0   Accordingly, the Panel did not proceed to deal wit\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h the issue of chapeau (introductory clause of Article XX).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., para. 6.41.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 4.   Applicability of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (the \'93
\loch\f0 \hich\f0 TBT\'94\loch\f0  Agreement)
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Panel did not examine the applicability of the TBT. It merely noted that in vi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ew of its findings under the GATT, it was not necessary to decide on issues raised under the TBT Agreement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Panel Report, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, para. 6.43.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 B. The Appeal by the United States
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2098650 
\par \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Although the Panel report rejected almost all arguments that the U\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 .S. raised, the U.S. appealed the Panel\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s findings only in terms of Art. XX (g) and the chapeau of Art. XX.  It did not raise the Panel\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s rulings on Art.III: 4, Art. XX (b), and (d).  The U.S. merely argued that the Panel erred in law by ruling that the b
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 seline establishment rules do not constitute a measure \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 relating to\'94\loch\f0 
 the conservation of clean air within the meaning of Article XX(g) of GATT, and consequently by failing to further examine the chapeau of Art. XX.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Appellate Body Report, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, at 9. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0    
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 C.   The Report of the Appellate Body
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1. The Issue of Justification under Article XX(g) of the GATT
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s101\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Measures
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \tab 
\par 
\par \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 The question here was whether \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 measures\'94\loch\f0 , as the term appears in both the chapeau of Art. XX and in Art. XX (g), ref\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ers to the Gasoline Rule as a whole or only to the particular}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
provisions of that Rule, namely the baseline establishment rules.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
., at 13-14.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0    Without explicitly providing an answe\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
r to that question which the Appellate Body itself raised, the Appellate Body merely noted that no disputant had urged an interpretation \tab \hich\f0 of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 measures\'94\loch\f0  which would encompass the Gasoline Rule in its totality.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 .  The Panel noted that : 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s102\ql \li720\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Panel here \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 following the practice of earlier panels}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 in applying Art.XX to provisions found to be inconsistent with Art.III:4: the :measures\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  to be analyzed under Article XX are the same provisions infringing Article III:4. (\'85\loch\f0 ) In the present appeal, no one has su
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ggested in their final submissions that the Appellate Body should examine under Article XX any portion of the Gasoline Rule other than the baseline establishment rules held to be in conflict with Article III:4. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 No one has urged an interpretation of \'93\loch\f0 measur\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 es\'94\loch\f0 
 which would  encompass the Gasoline Rule in its totality.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (underlining added)}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2098650 \tab 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s101\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 After rejecting the Panel\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 obscure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
\hich\f0  use of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 no direct connection\'94\loch\f0  (between less favorable treatment of imp\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 orted gasoline and U.S. environmental objectives) as its interpretation of the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
primarily aimed at\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  test, the Appellate Body found that the Panel had erred in basing its legal conclusion on Art. III: 4 (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 less favorable treatment\'94\loch\f0 ) as opposed to the measur
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 s at issue (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 baseline establishment rules\'94\loch\f0 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., at 15-16.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Furthermore, the Appellate Body criticized the Panel Report for applying the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 necessary\'94\loch\f0 
 test to XX (g). According to the Appellate Body, the Panel blatantly disregarded the text of Art. XX (\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 in particular, the Article\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s deliberate use of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 relating to\'94
\loch\f0 \hich\f0  vs. \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 necessary\'94\loch\f0 ). In the Appellate Body\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s view, this disregard amounted to a fundamental error in treaty interpretation in light of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (the Vienna Conve\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tion).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
., at 16-17. Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties, concluded on May 23, 1969, entered into force on January 27, 1990, U.N. Doc. A/ CONF. 39/27, 8 I.L.M. 679 (1969) [hereinafter Vienna Convention].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Appellate Body finally concluded that \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 the measure in issue (baseline establishment rules) was appropriately regarded as \'93\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 primarily aimed at\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , and consequently \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 relating to\'94\loch\f0 , the conservation of natural resources for the purpose Art. XX (g). According to the Appellate Body, given that the base
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ine establishment rules were designed to permit scrutiny and monitoring of the level of compliance by refiners, importers, and blenders with \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 non-degradation\'94
\loch\f0  requirements. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Appellate Body Report, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, at 19.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s101\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 If such measures are made effecti\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ve in conjunction with restriction on domestic production or consumption
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s90\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Although the Panel did not believe that the measure satisfied the proceeding requirement of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 relating to\'94\loch\f0 
 the conservation of clean air and hence did not address this issue, the App\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ellate Body did focus on the second requirement of Art. XX (g).
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Focusing on the dictionary meanings of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 made effective\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 in conjunction with\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , the Appellate Body defined these terms as \'93
\loch\f0 \hich\f0 operative\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 in force\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , or \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 having come into effect\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ) and \'93\loch\f0 togeth\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 er with\'94
\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 jointly with\'94\loch\f0 ), respectively. Armed with these definitions, the Appellate Body interpreted the second clause of Art. XX (g) as a requirement of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 even-handedness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  in the imposition of restriction, in the name of conservation, upon the production or\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 consumption of exhaustible natural resources.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., at 20-21.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Therefore, the Appellate Body held that since the measure (baseline establishment rules) affected both domestic and imported gasoline, it was made effective in conjunction with restrictions o
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n domestic production or consumption. 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 2.   The Chapeau
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s101\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Subject to the requirement that such measures are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail, or a distinguished restriction on international trad
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , (\'85\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai0\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\i0\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  GATT 1994, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 6, art. XX.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 First, the Appellate Body underscored that the chapeau addresses the manner in which a questioned measure is applied, rather than the measure itself or its specific contents}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 United States - Imports of Certain \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Automotive Spring Assemblies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
, the Panel Report adopted on 26 May 1983, GATT , B.I.S.D. (30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 Supp.) at 107 (1984) [hereinafter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Certain Automotive Spring Assemblies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and, accordingly, that the purpose of the chapeau is generally the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 prevention of abuse\'94\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
of the exceptions in [what was later to become] Article [XX].}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Appellate Body Report, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, at 22; G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ENERAL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 GREEMENT ON }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ARIFFS AND 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RADE, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NALYTICAL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NDEX- }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 UIDE TO }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 GATT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 AW AND }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RACTICE}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  564 (1994) [hereinafter A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NALYTICAL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NDEX}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0  Among \'93\loch\f0 arbitrar\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 y discrimination\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 unjustifiable discrimination\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
disguised restriction\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  on international trade delineated in the chapeau, the Appellate Body viewed \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 disguised restriction\'94\loch\f0  as the broadest term which was inclusive of the other two.  More fundamentall
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , the Appellate Body found that a \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 disguised restriction\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  might be properly interpreted as a restriction taken \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
under the guise of a measure formally within the terms of an exception listed in Article XX.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Appellate Body Report, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, at 25. This\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  interpretation, in the Appellate Body\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s view, is compatible with the purpose and object of avoiding abuse of illegitimate use of the exceptions to substantive rules available in Art. XX. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Second, the Appellate Body found that the U.S. had \'93\loch\f0 more than\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0  one alternative course of action\'94\loch\f0 
 in promulgating regulations implementing the CAA, including the imposition of statutory baselines without differentiation as between domestic and imported gasoline.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0   In this context, the Appellate Body also rejecte\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
d the U.S. argument on administrative difficulties that individual baselines for foreign refiners would have generated, such as the impracticability of verification and enforcement of foreign refiner baselines. It upheld the Panel\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0 s view that the U.S. arg\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ment was insufficient to justify the denial to foreign refiners of individual baselines permitted to domestic refiners considering, in particular, the U.S. practice in other contexts, such as anti-dumping laws, in which the U.S. resorts to other informati
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n only when the information is not supplied or regarded unverifiable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., at 26-27.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 More importantly, the Appellate Body stressed that the U.S. should have explored the possibility of entering into \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 cooperative arrangements\'94\loch\f0  with both foreign refiners \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
and the foreign governments by which the U.S. would have overcome the alleged administrative problems.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  The Appellate Body underscored that : 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s102\ql \li720\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The U.S. must have been aware that for these established techniques and procedures to work, cooperative arrange\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ments with both foreign refiners and the foreign governments concerned would have been necessary and appropriate. (...) [I]t appears to the Appellate Body, that the United States had not pursued the possibility of entering into cooperative arrangements wi
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 h the governments of Venezuela and Brazil or, if it had, not to the point where it encountered governments that were unwilling to cooperate. (\'85\loch\f0 
)  But it does not reveal what, if any, efforts had been taken by the United States to enter into appropriate pr\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
cedures in cooperation with the governments of Venezuela and Brazil so as to mitigate the administrative problems pleaded by the United States. (underlining added). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., at 27.
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Finally, the Appellate Body concluded that the foregoing two omissions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 190 \\f "Symbol" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f3\fs24}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 failure to explore adequate means, including cooperative arrangements for mitigating administrative problems and disregard of the costs for foreign refiners that would result from the imposition of statutory baselines, constitut
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ed \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 unjustifiable discrimination\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and a \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 disguised restriction on international trade.\'94\loch\f0  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 II. Critique
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A.   Judicial Economy : The Applicability of the TBT Agreement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 In this section, I do not negate the concept (and possible merit) of judicial econom\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y. What I really argue is that judicial economy should not be exercised in those situations that we face here. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 At the oral hearing, Venezuela and Brazil raised the conditional argument that, if the Appellate Body were to reject the Panel\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s findings on \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Art. XX(g), and not find in favor of Venezuela and Brazil respecting the other requirements of Art. XX, it would then need to examine their claims under the TBT Agreement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Appellate Body Report, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, at 10.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi360\li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Practically speaking\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , this issue was not of great significance since the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 condition\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 which was posed by Venezuela and Brazil had not materialized. Nonetheless, the Appellate Body proceeded to find that \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 even if this condition had been fulfilled\'94\loch\f0  it would not have addressed t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
h\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 is issue (the applicability of the TBT Agreement).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
., at 12.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0   One of the reasons cited was that the issues appealed by the U.S. (the Panel\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s ruling on Art. XX (g)) could be decided \'93
\loch\f0 without at the same time necessarily resolving the applicability of t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 he TBT Agreement.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0   Here, the Appellate Body appeared to follow the long-standing GATT panel practice of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 judicial economy\'94\loch\f0 
 which generally dictates that a panel, which concludes that a measure is inconsistent with a specific provision of the GATT 1\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
947, should not examine whether the measure in question is also inconsistent with other GATT provisions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See. e.g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 United States \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  Measures Affecting Imports of Woven Wool Shirts and Blouses from India}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , WT/DS33/AB/R, Appellate Body Report adopted on 23 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 May 1997, at 22 [hereinafter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Shirts and Blouses}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ; Argentina \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0 
 Measures Affecting Imports of Footwear, Textiles, Apparel and Other Items}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , WT/DS56/R, Panel Report circulated on 25 November 1997, para. 6-87 [hereinafter }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Footwear}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ; United States 
\hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  Denial of Mo\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 st-Favored-Nation Treatment as to Non-Rubber Footwear from Brazil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
, Panel Report adopted 19 June 1992, GATT , B.I.S.D. (39}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Supp.) at 128, para.6.18 (1993); }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Canada \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  Import, Distribution and Sale of Certain Alcoholic Drinks by Provincial marketing Agencies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , Panel Report adopted 22 March 1988, GATT , B.I.S.D. (35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 Supp.) at 37, para.5.6 (1989); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 EEC \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  Regulations on Imports of Parts and Components}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , Panel Report adopted 16 May 1990, GATT , B.I.S.D. (37}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 Supp.) at 132, paras. 5.10,5.22, and 5.27 (1991).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Th\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
is cannon of judicial decision-making carried much weight in the GATT regime of the past. The old GATT regime did not enjoy a legal system which integrated the GATT itself with other side agreements (e.g., Tokyo Round Codes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 The legal nature of these side\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 agreements was controversial in some situations since the hierarchy of legal obligations both in the GATT and in these side agreements was not clear-cut. Moreover, these side agreements entered into force only among the states which accepted them and thi
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0  optional situation led to the derogatory characterization of  \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 GATT a la carte.\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 Finally, there was no unified dispute settlement system across the GATT and these side agreements provided the possibility of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 forum shopping\'94\loch\f0 . J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ACKSON ET AL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 6, \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 at 296-297. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  See also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 OHN }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 H. J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ACKSON, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 HE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ORLD }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RADING }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
YSTEM: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 AW AND }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 OLICY OF }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NTERNATIONAL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 CONOMIC }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ELATIONS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 (1995) [hereinafter J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ACKSON, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 HE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ORLD }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RADING }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 YSTEM].}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
), nor was the nature of a panel fully adjudicated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ACKSON ET AL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 6,\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  at 296-297.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0   It would be fair to say that a panel\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s ruling was more aimed at \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 settling\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  a dispute rather than \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
clarifying legal rights and obligations\'94\loch\f0  of the then Contracting Parties. In such a regime, a more economical procedure mi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ght have been preferred. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 However, the newly launched WTO system has dramatically changed the legal landscape.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0   Undoubtedly, the new system has become more judicial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0   Most side agreements have been incorporated into a single WTO system.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Se\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e Brazil \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  Measures Affecting Desiccated Coconut}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
, Appellate Body Report circulated on 21 February 1997, WT/DS22/AB/R, at 18-19. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0   What is crucial in this system is a \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 rule-orientedness\'94
\loch\f0  which can interpret and explain what a Member can and cannot do as we\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ll as shall and shall not do under a legal system consisting of GATT 1994 and other side agreements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 DSU Article 11, which reads as follows, also supports this position.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s102\ql \li720\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [A] panel should make an objective assessment of the matter before it, including an 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 objective assessment of the facts of the case and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 applicability of and conformity with the relevant covered agreements}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\f0 (emphasis added). DSU, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 7, art. 11.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0   
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Furthermore, according to the General Interpretive Note}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 to Annex 1A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (Multilateral A
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 greements on Trade in Goods) of the WTO Agreement, in the event of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 conflict\'94\loch\f0 
 between a provision of GATT 1994 and a provision of side agreements, the provision of the latter shall prevail to the extent of the conflict.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  General Interpretive Note to Annex\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 1A (Multilateral Agreements on Trade in Goods) of the WTO Agreement, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 2.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0   Therefore, if the question of relationship between GATT 1994 and other side agreements is unavoidably embedded in the arguments (appeals) of the disputants, a pane
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l (Appellate Body) must, at least, clarify whether two provisions from the GATT 1994 and other side agreements are in conflict or not, and consequently whether one is prevailing over the other.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 B.   Replacing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Legal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Analysis by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Consensus (Acquiescence) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 of \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the Disputants
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Appellate Body must exercise legal analysis or legal interpretation when it is faced with an issue of law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e.g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., DSU, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 7, art. 11, 17.}
}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0   This task is a duty of the Appellate Body and it is not within its discretion. Th\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e Appellate Body is not exempted from this duty simply because the disputing parties keep silent on a specific issue of law.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi360\li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In the Appellate Body Report, however, the Appellate Body appeared to have overlooked the aforementioned duty. First, in analyzi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
ng arguments under Article XX (g) of the General Agreement, the Appellate Body initially raised the question whether \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 measures\'94\loch\f0 
, used both in the chapeau of Article XX and Article XX (g), refers to the entire Gasoline Rule or, alternatively, only to basel\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ne establishment rules.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Appellate Body Report, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, at 13.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0   Surprisingly, however, the Appellate Body\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s self-response to this question was quite elusive in that the Appellate Body merely noted that no disputant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 urged}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  this interpretation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  pt. IV.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0   Likewise, in the interpretation of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
, the Appellate Body noted that since all the disputants accepted the same legal interpretation (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 primarily aimed at\'94\loch\f0 ) it did not need to exam\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ine the interpretation further.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 The Appellate Body noted that :
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s102\ql \li720\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 All the participants and the third participants in this appeal accept}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the propriety and applicability of the view of the Herring and Salmon report and the Panel Report that a measure must be\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
primarily aimed at\'94\loch\f0  the conservation of exhaustible natural resources in order to fall within the scope of Article XX (g). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Accordingly, we see no need to examine this point further}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , save, perhaps, to note that the phrase \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 primarily aimed at\'94\loch\f0  is not itsel
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f treaty language and was not designed as a simple litmus test for inclusion or exclusion from Article XX (g). (underlining added)  Appellate Body Report, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, at 18-19.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li720\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 This kind of approach \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  omission of its own ruling in the absence of a pal\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 pable complaint \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0 
 may stem from the principle of judicial economy. However, the issues the Appellate Body intentionally avoided to render its conclusion were not fact-finding issues but legal issues. Legal issues must be dealt with by the Appellate Body i
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 self.  The avoidance exhibited in this case compromises an essential legal issue with the parties\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 acquiescence, thereby reducing the possibility of the Appellate Body Reports guiding the future cases and undermining predictability and transparency of the\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 WTO system. 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 C.   Scope of the Appellate Body\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Rulings: }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Argument vs. Appeal  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Faced with the preliminary question of whether the issue of conditional applicability of the TBT Agreement, raised by Venezuela and Brazil, was brought before the Appellate \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Body as an 
\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 appeal\'94\loch\f0  in accordance with the Working Procedures for Appellate Review (Working Procedures)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Working Procedures for Appellate Review (visited Jan. 23, 1998) }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 HYPERLINK "http://www.wto.org/wto/dispute/ab3.htm" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15683091 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002700000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00770074006f002e006f00720067002f00770074006f002f0064006900730070007500740065002f006100620033002e00680074006d000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4e000000
68007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00770074006f002e006f00720067002f00770074006f002f0064006900730070007500740065002f006100620033002e00680074006d0000000000000000650b}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs92\ul\cf2\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 http://www.wto.org/wto/dispute/ab3.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz1\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 [hereinafter Working Procedures] ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  DSU, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 7, art. 17, para. 9, Appendix. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
, the Appel\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 late Body sided with the U.S., finding that even if the condition (the Appellate Body\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s ruling against Venezuela and Brazil) had been fulfilled, the Appellate Body would not have dealt with the issue. The Appellate Body held that accepting an argument as \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
n appeal amounted to disregarding its own Working Procedures in the absence of a compelling reason.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Appellate Body Report, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, at 12.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 This interpretation seems to be too formalistic. Although Venezuela and Brazil technically failed to comply \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
with the formal process stipulated in the Working Procedures, they did raise the conditional argument in their Appellees\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  Submissions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., at 10.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The only procedural flaw exhibited by Venezuela and Brazil was that they relied on Rule 22 instead of Rule\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  23(1) or 23(4) of the Working Procedures.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  See Working Procedures, }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 56, Rule 22, 23 (1), and 23 (4).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0   In other words, what these countries failed to do was to wear the hat of an Appellant while they were making an argument functionally equival\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ent to an appeal.  In this context, the Appellate Body itself acknowledged that the argument raised by Venezuela and Brazil on the TBT issue might be seen to be, in effect, a conditional appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Appellate Body Report, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, at 12.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Even assuming\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  that Venezuela and Brazil\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s procedural flaw was serious enough for the Appellate Body to reject their conditional argument, the Appellate Body could have, at least, requested them to clarify their legal arguments. The purpose and object of Rule 22 [Appel
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ee\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s Submission] is to \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 respond to\'94\loch\f0  allegations raised in an appellant\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 
s submission filed pursuant to Rule 21.  Here, it is clear from the ordinary meaning of terms used in the Rule that the drafters of the Working Procedures intended \'93\loch\f0 refute or challenge\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'94
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0  by \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 respond to\'94\loch\f0  (an appellant\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s allegations). The drafters would not have imagined an argument that went beyond a mere response, and, in essence, an appeal, but clad with an Appellee\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Submission. The Appellate Body should have paid due attention to this
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 extraordinariness because it would have been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 necessary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for the Appellate Body to cope with all the legal issues raised in the Appellate Process by the disputants (regardless of the formality of their claims).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 At the oral hearing, Venezuela and Brazil als\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 o emphasized that it would be \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 within the scope of authority of the Appellate Body\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , if it found it \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
necessary\'94\loch\f0 , to deal with the Panel\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s ruling on the applicability of the TBT Agreement. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., at 11.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Moreover, the Appellate Body may have adopted an approp\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
riate procedure for the purpose of this murky situation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Working Procedures provides a provision (Rule 16) which reads that:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s102\ql \li720\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
In the interests of fairness and orderly procedure in the conduct of an appeal, where a procedural question arises that is not co\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 vered by these Rules, a division may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 adopt an appropriate procedure for the purposes of that appeal only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\f0 (underlying added). Working Procedures, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 56, Rule 16.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 This provision also supports the Appellate Body\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s active role in this kind of murky sit\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 uation. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Finally, the aforementioned critique should not be treated as a mere procedural issue. It does have a substantive impact. If the Appellate Body were to have taken a more active approach on this issue, and dealt with the applicability of side agr
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 eements (TBT Agreement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 vis-a-vis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 GATT 1994), the Appellate Body would have strengthened the WTO system through an integrated legal interpretation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0
\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Jeffrey Waincymer, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Reformulated Gasoline under Reformulated WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures: Pulling \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Pandora out of a Chapeau?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 18 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ICH}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . J. I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NT\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 L }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  141, 152 (1996) ; Sungjoon Cho, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Non-Violation Issues as Matters of Subject: Are they the Achilles\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  heel of the WTO Dispute Settlement Process?,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  39 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ARV}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NT\hich\f0 
\rquote \loch\f0 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  L. J. (forthcoming June 1998) (manuscript at 37-3\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 8, on file with author). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  part V, sec.1.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 D.   Treaty Interpretation
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Appellate Body, like many other Panels before it, relied on the Vienna Convention as its basic interpretative methodology. According to Article 31 [General Rule of I\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
nterpretation] of the Vienna Convention, a treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Vienna Convention, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  30, art. 31.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0   From this principle of treaty interpretation, it is, in my view, clear that a treaty\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s object and purpose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 is merely a reference in determining the meaning of the terms of the treaty and is not as an independent basis for interpretation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Alcoholic Beverages}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 note 16, at 8, n. 20. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 1.  \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Appellate Body firstly observed that the Panel failed to take adequate account of the words actually used by Art. XX in its s\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 everal paragraphs, such as \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
necessary\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  in paragraphs (a), (b), and (d) and \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 relating to\'94\loch\f0  in paragraphs (c), (e), and (g).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Appellate Body Report, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, at 17. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0   The Appellate Body then noted that w\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ith respect to each category (a~i) having a different term, the WTO Members did not intend to require the same degree of relationship between the measure under appraisal and the state policy sought to be promoted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., at 18.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 However, instead of furthe\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 r delving into the ordinary meaning, namely the plain dictionary meaning, of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 relating to\'94\loch\f0 
, the Appellate Body directly resorted to the interpretive sources of context as well as purpose and object.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . }}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  This interpretive approach seems to be problemati\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 c in light of the referential nature of context}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and purpose and object}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  vis-a-vis }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ordinary meaning.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e.g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ALCOLM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  N. S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 HAW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NTERNATIONAL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 AW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 584 (1991); I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 AN}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ROWNLIE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , P}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RINCIPLES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 OF}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 UBLIC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NTERNATIONAL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 AW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  628-632 (1990); J. G. S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 TARKE}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NTRODUCTION T\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NTERNATIONAL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 AW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  478-479 (1989).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
  The Appellate Body should have, at the very least, clarified in the initial stage of interpretation that because the ordinary meaning of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 relating to\'94\loch\f0  was ambiguous or likely to produce multiple interpretations it need
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ed to progress to the next step of interpretation: an analysis of context and purpose and object.
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 2.  \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
if such measures are made effective in conjunction with restrictions on domestic production or consumption\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Here, the Appellate Body appropriately st\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 arted its interpretation with the dictionary meaning of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 made effective\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
operative\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 in force\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , or \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 come into effect\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ) and \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 in conjunction with\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
together with\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  or \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 jointly with\'94\loch\f0 ). Then, taking those two phrases together, the Appellate Body construed \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
he second clause of Art. XX (g) as \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 governmental measures being brought into effect together with restrictions on domestic production or consumption of natural resources.\'94\loch\f0 
  Hence, according to the Appellate Body, the second clause of Art. XX (g) requires \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
he measures containing the restrictions on domestic production or consumption to be prepared or ready for implementation or enforcement. In other words, a restrictive measure, which is not valid or feasibly implemented under the laws of a country, cannot 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 b\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e said to fall within the ambit of the second clause of Art. XX (g). For example, if a certain restrictive measure is, on its face, unconstitutional or omits essential legislative procedures, thereby rendering that measure unenforceable or invalid, the me
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 sure fails to fall within the parameters of Art. XX (g).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0
\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0  From a contextual viewpoint, this interpretation can be supported by the use of the same term (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 made effective
\'94\loch\f0 ) in other provisions of GATT 1994.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  See, e.g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., GATT 1994, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 6, art. X.     }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 In this context, the first and second clause of Art. XX (g) represent a \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 means-ends\'94\loch\f0 
 chain of the measure in question: if the first clause deals with the ends (aim) of a measure, the second clause is said to refer to the means (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 modus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 operandi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ) of that me
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 asure. In this light, the requirement of the second clause is easily satisfied.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 At this point, the Appellate Body should have ended its analysis of the second clause. Nonetheless, it proceeded to examine the second clause of Art. XX (g) \'93\loch\f0 in a slightly dif
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ferent manner\'94\loch\f0  and finally concluded that the clause is a requirement of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 even}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
handedness in the imposition of restrictions, in the name of conservation, upon the production or consumption of exhaustible natural resources.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Appellate Body Report, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, at 20-21. It further noted that:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s102\ql \li720\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
[I]f no restrictions on domestically-produced like products are imposed at all, and all limitations are placed upon imported products }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 alone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , the measure cannot be accepted as primarily or even substantially designe\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
d for implementing conservationist goals. The measure would be naked discrimination for protecting locally-produced goods. (underlining added). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0   In doing so, the Appellate Body erred in attributing this requirement (even}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 handedness) to Art. XX (g). A \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 measure which, in the Appellate Body\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s terms, would simply be a naked discrimination for protecting locally-produced goods is likely to constitute a disguised restriction on international trade, and consequently should fall instead within the ambit of the\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 chapeau. The Appellate Body\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s interpretation would render the chapeau redundant in light of its the interpretation of Art. XX (g). 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 E.   Chapeau and Necessary Test}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 I owe a basic idea in this chapter to Professor Joseph H.H. Weiler of Harvard Law School.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The purpose and object of the chapeau of Art. XX is to avoid possible abuse or misuse of the exceptions stipulated in Art. XX.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Analytical Index, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 35, at 563-564; Appellate Body Report, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, at 25.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 The Appellate Body also noted that the chapeau is not designed to address specific contents of a questioned measure, but rather the manner in which the measure is applied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Appellate Body Report, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, at 22. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Certain Automotive Spring As
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 semblies, supra }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 note 34.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 In this sense, the chapeau may be used to screen a bad faith claim asserted by a Member country who wishes to take advantage of these exceptions for protectionist purposes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 In reality, it is difficult to prove bad faith on the p\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
art of a country. To prove this seemingly subjective factor, many objective features including the architecture of the questioned measure would be necessary. This task, in turn, may inevitably revisit the contents of the measure as well as the relationshi
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  between the measure and the policy goal stipulated in the paragraphs of Art. XX.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 As is clear from the structure of Art. XX (g), the requirement stipulated in the chapeau is independent from those requirements stipulated in paragraphs (a)~(g) of Art. XX
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
.  Nonetheless, in the present case, the Appellate Body imported a legal analysis more suitable to the paragraphs of Art. XX when it dealt with the chapeau. In the course of interpreting the chapeau, the Appellate Body noted that the U.S. had had \'93
\loch\f0 more th\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 n one alternative\'94\loch\f0  measure whose use may have avoided any discrimination.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 The Appellate Body noted that :
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s102\ql \li720\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 There }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
was more than one alternative course of action available}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  to the United States in promulgating regulations implementing the CAA. These included\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 the imposition of statutory baselines without differentiation as between domestic and imported gasoline. This approach, if properly implemented, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
could have avoided any discrimination at all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (underlining added). Appellate Body Report, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, at 25. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0   Surprisingly, this test, which is often cited as \'93\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 least trade-restrictive\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  test, is the core of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 necessary\'94\loch\f0  test usually reserved for an analysis of paragraphs (a), (b), and (d) of Art. XX.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\i\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 See, e.g., Thai Cigarettes, supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 19;  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 337}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supr\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 19.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
\hich\f0  In this sense, one might argue that the Appellate Body replaced its interpretation of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 arbitrary\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 unjustifiable\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , and \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 disguised\'94
\loch\f0 \hich\f0  with an interpretation of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 necessary\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 Waincymer, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 63, at 175.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Furthermore, in the present case\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , such confusion could lead to the dilution of the distinction between \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 necessary\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
relating to\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  because even if a measure falls within the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 relating to\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  test, it would inevitably encounter the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 necessary\'94\loch\f0 
 test later in the chapeau. Moreover, if a nec\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ssary test were applied to both paragraphs (a), (b), and (d) of Art. XX and the chapeau, the chapeau would be rendered redundant. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 During the course of GATT panel history, there have been very few cases that directly involved the interpretation of the cha\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 peau.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NALYTICAL }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NDEX}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 35, at 563-565.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Considering the importance \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
of the chapeau as a final gateway before the application of an Art. XX exception, to find out a useful and meaningful yardstick by which a Panel or the Appellate Body can guide its interpretation of the chapeau is an important future task of the WTO dispu
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e settlement system.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 F.   Importance of Transgovernmental Regulatory Cooperation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 For more comprehensive discussion about the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 transgovernmental regulatory cooperation\'94\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e.g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., Scott H. Jacobson, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Regulatory Cooperation for an Interdependent World: Is\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 sues for Government, in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  R}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 EGULATORY}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
OOPERATION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 FOR AN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NTERDEPENDENT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ORLD (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1994); Giandomenico Majone, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Comparing Strategies of Regulatory Rapprochement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 EGULATORY}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 OOPERATION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 FOR AN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NTERDEPENDENT}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ORLD (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1994); Anne-Marie Slaughter, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Real New World Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 76 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 OREIGN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 FF}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . 183 (1997).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Most domestic regulations are promulgated in response to various kinds of policy needs, such as protection \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
of the environment or restricting the anti-competitive behavior. These regulations tend to be complicated and sophisticated because in the recent era of eye-popping technical innovation, simple and basic regulations cannot hope to be effective. However, t
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ese regulations, often clad with various \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 standards\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  or \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 specifications\'94\loch\f0 
, may hinder or impede free trade even without bad faith or a hidden protectionist agenda espoused by a regulating country. For instance, producers may find it hard to be cost-effecti\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 v\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e because they may be forced to equip themselves with different production lines satisfying different regulations in different countries. Consumers may also be in a disadvantageous position because their scope of choices is limited due to these regulation
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
In order to address these problems, all trading partners may be compelled to adopt uniform and common standards. However, as one could imagine, this is not an easy task; we cannot enjoy a common standard in every regulatory field. Nor would it be neces
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 sarily desirable because uniform and common standards may eliminate diversity, both cultural and political. Instead, what is called for is \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 regulatory cooperation\'94\loch\f0 
 among the governments that enables them to maintain a measure of certain discretion in form\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
lating regulations as well as enjoy the benefits of free trade. In this context, it is very significant that the Appellate Body based its ruling of the chapeau, namely an interpretation of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 unjustifiable discrimination\'94\loch\f0 
\hich\f0  and a \'93\loch\f0 disguised restriction on int\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 rnational trade\'94\loch\f0 , on the lack of the U.S. government\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s efforts in exploring the possibility of entering into }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 cooperative}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 arrangements with the governments of Venezuela and Brazil.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Appellate Body Report, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 1, at 27.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af48\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af48\hich\af48\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Conclusion
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Interestingly, after the Appellate Body report was issued, then acting USTR Barshefsky announced that even though the U.S. lost the case, she was pleased to see that the Appellate Body overturned the Panel's ruling and found that the baseline establishmen
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  rule fell within the ambit of Art. XX (g).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 FFICE OF THE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NITED }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 TATES }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RADE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 EPRESENTATIVE, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 P}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RESS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ELEASE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (Apr. 29, 1996).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 While this kind of reaction seemed to originate from Professor Hudec\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s "political theater" theory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Professor Hudec defines the \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 political theatre\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 dimension of international economic law as \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 the tendency of governments to adopt laws and agreements that create the appearance of legal solutions when in reality no solution has been achieved\'94\loch\f0 
. However, Professor Hudec emphasized that\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 this seemingly deceptive political theatre is necessary to invite countries to \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
a continuing process where they try to make the legal instrument work.\'94\loch\f0  Robert E. Hudec, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 International Economic Law: The Political Theater Dimension}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 17 U. P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
J. I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NT\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 L }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 CON. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 L\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . 9, 10 (1996). }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , the outcome was desirable considering that this case was the first one invoking the WTO Appellate Procedure.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  This reaction might be desirable to the newly launched WTO system in that a superpower like the U.S. backed up the first outco
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 me of the new dispute settlement procedure. This reaction might be desirable also to the U.S. in that the U.S. would be benefited significantly from the WTO process. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Judith Hippler Bello and Maury D. Shenk, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
WTO Dispute Settlement Body \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  Article XX Envi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ronmental Exceptions to GATT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 National Treatment \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  Consistency with GATT of U.S. Rules Regarding Imports of Reformulated Gasoline}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 90 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . J. I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 NT\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  L. 669, 674 (1996). }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 From a legal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
perspective, however, this Appellate Body report left much to be desired\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
. It omitted important legal analysis, instead relying on the old GATT practices of "judicial economy" or consensus (acquiescence) of the disputants. Also in the methodology of treaty interpretation, it undervalued the textual meaning ("ordinary meaning")
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
of GATT provisions which should have taken priority over a "context" and "purpose and object" analysis. This kind of "soft" legal analysis seems to have influenced later Appellate Body reports. For instance, the invocation of judicial economy was found in
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Footwear }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Shirts and Blouses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  in avoiding important legal claims including the legal relationship between GATT 1994 and side agreements.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 See Shirts and Blouses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 44; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Footwear}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 44.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0   This softness could become more problematic in th\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e future as Panels try to tone down their rulings lest they be struck down in the Appellate Procedure. 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Nonetheless, this Appellate Body left a potentially significant legacy in its analysis: "trans-governmental regulatory cooperation". In this interdepen\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
dent global economy, countries are encountering many situations in which free trade principles and regulatory goals (e.g., environment protection) conflict with one another.  These situations could lead to regulatory competition or regulatory arbitration 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hich, in turn, would result in weaker regulatory standards.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0
\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\super\insrsid2098650 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  See Majone, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  note 80, at 157.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  On the other hand, they might invite the unilateralism accompanied by muscle, resulting in a }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Hobbesian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2098650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  tragedy. Only "inter-governmental regulatory cooperatio\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
n" can solve this dilemma, and the Appellate Body report eloquently underscored this point.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In this respect, this ruling of the Appellate Body looks to the future. It is believed to guide the future regulatory behavior of Member countries toward a directi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
on of inter-governmental regulatory cooperation since future panels are bound by precedent. This is the real virtue of this first Appellate Body Report.
\par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100828abc13fa0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb6ac3301045f785fe83d0b6d8
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